INTERNET HISTORY NEWSLETTER - SEPTEMBER 2004
Welcome to the Internet History Newsletter. In this edition:
=> What's new at www.nethistory.info
=> When did the Internet begin - feature article
=> Wanted section
=> Special offers
=> Subscribe/unsubscribe details
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WHAT'S NEW
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Thanks so much to everyone who got in contact and suggested new links. There are
too many to mention here, but we particularly like
=>
the "Error 404" site on the Web Histories page
and
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the old computers site on the Computer Histories page
Check the Resources section for lots of new links.
We have also had a bit of feedback on what to do with the Archives section of
the site, and, in the long run, have figured we should not duplicate what others
are doing. There are some good Archives dealing with part of the history we have
now linked to. Thanks to everyone who offered us a lot of fascinating tidbits;
we suggest you follow the various links we have now added where appropriate as a
first step. Let us know of other Archives, or of areas not covered by existing
archives.
What we want to do is to make sure there are no gaps.
And thanks to various people who have contributed country histories -this
section is growing, and more is on its way.
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If you like what we are doing, add a link to your site!
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WHEN DID THE INTERNET BEGIN - FEATURE ARTICLE
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Where and when (and why) did the Internet begin? It sounds like a simple set of
questions, but in fact there is no simple answer. Even those who were involved
disagree!
In "Where Wizard Stay Up Late", we hear of a difference of opinion between Bob
Kahn (Co-inventor of TCP/IP) and Bob Taylor (head of the Arpanet Project where
the Internet supposedly
began) as to whether the beginning is Arpanet (1969) or TCP/IP (1973). So even
among the pioneers there are differences of opinion. So pity us poor historians,
if the pioneers are in disagreement about what the Internet is and how it began!
The most common theory on Internet beginnings is the Pentagon/1969/nuclear war
theory. We can trace it back to Silicon Valley gossip columnist Robert Cringely
in his "Accidental Empires" (first published 1992), and repeated in his Nerds
2.01 television series later in the 1990s. That's enough to make in common
opinion, but not enough to make it accurate!
Most historians dispute at least one aspect of this.
In the History of the
Internet Ebook, I wrote as follows
"Many people have heard that the Internet began with some military computers in
the Pentagon called Arpanet in 1969. The theory goes on to suggest that the
network was designed to survive a nuclear attack. However, whichever definition
of what the Internet is we use, neither the Pentagon nor 1969 hold up as the
time and place the Internet was invented. A project which began in the Pentagon
that year, called Arpanet, gave birth to the Internet protocols sometime later
(during the 1970's), but
1969 was not the Internet's beginnings. Surviving a nuclear attack was not
Arpanet's motivation, nor was building a global communications network."
"Bob Taylor, the Pentagon official who was in charge of the Pentagon's Advanced
Research Projects Agency Network (or Arpanet) program, insists that the purpose
was not military, but scientific. The nuclear attack theory was never part of
the design. Nor was an Internet in the sense we know it part of the Pentagon's
1969 thinking. Larry Roberts, who was employed by Bob Taylor to build the
Arpanet network, states that Arpanet was never intended to link people or be a
communications and information facility."
"What Arpanet did in 1969 that was important was to develop a variation of a
technique called packet switching. In 1965, before Arpanet came into existence,
an Englishman called Donald Davies had proposed a similar facility to Arpanet in
the United Kingdom, the NPL Data Communications Network. It never got funded;
but Donald Davies did develop the concept of packet switching, a means by which
messages can travel from point to point across a network. Although others in the
USA were working on packet switching techniques at the same time (notably
Leonard Kleinrock and Paul Baran), it was the UK version that Arpanet first
adopted." (www.theinternettapes.com)
Kim Veltman of the McLuhan Institute (see the link from our
International Histories page) takes the "packet switching equals the
Internet" argument a little further, and suggests that the Europeans invented
the Internet if that's the case. He points to Louis Pouzin, who introduced the
idea of data grams and an Englishman, Donald W. Davies, who was one of the
inventors of packet-switching as being important in the origins.
To quote Kim's paper,
"The National Physical Laboratory in Great Britain set up the first test network
on these principles [of packet switching] in 1968. Shortly afterward, the
Pentagon's Advanced Research Projects Agency decided to fund a larger, more
ambitious project in the USA. Hence an English project of 1968 inspired the
beginnings of the US Internet in 1969".
Ronda Hauben disputes the packet switching theory. To quote her forthcoming
paper,
"The history of the ARPANET and of packet switching, however, is not the history
of the Internet. To quote Robert Kahn, "What the ARPANET didn't address was the
issue of interconnecting multiple networks and all the attendant issues that
raised.""
The problem is, of course, defining what the Internet is. If it necessarily
contains TCP/IP, as most technical definitions suggest, Pentagon, 1969, and
nuclear wars are all wrong.
In the end, the History of the Internet is more the history of a phenomena than
that of a protocol. To draw a parallel: we are treating the Internet more like a
history of transport, which obviously has several threads and origins and
important developments, rather than a history of the steam engine (part of the
transport history, for sure, but only a small part). This is why we have
problems with the TCP/IP origins theory and that that alone is the history on
the Internet. There is so much more to it!
I'm sure we haven't heard the last word on this subject - let us know what you
think!
Ian Peter
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WANTED SECTION
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More national histories wanted! We have them underway for a few countries, but
we need more!
Educational authorities wanted! We would like to see the History of the Internet
Audio CD and Ebook available for schools, colleges and universities. If you know
anyone we should contact about this, email us (mailto:info@nethistory.info)
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SPECIAL OFFERS
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A markdown that won't last! At $18.95 for the Audio CD and the Ebook, including
postage and handling to anywhere in the world, we have gone as far as we can to
make these readily available. Buy now from
http://www.nethistory.info/specialoffer.html to access this price.
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Tell a friend about the Internet History newsletter!
The simple way to subscribe is to
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